Regional tourist destinations - the role of information and communications technology (ICT) in collaboration amongst tourism providers

The tourism industry can be seen as one of the first business sectors where business functions are almost exclusively using information and communications technologies (ICT). This has impacted on the way in which regional tourism destinations are promoted. The method of promoting regions via the development of regional tourist destination websites or portals using Internet technologies is increasingly being adopted both in Australia and around the world. This paper investigates whether this approach is the most effective to achieve increased awareness and subsequent visitation of a region. Are there other ways to achieve a similar outcome? One such alternative is via a bottom up approach achieved through co-opetition or collaboration established within the group of local tourism industry operators. This cooperative networking is made possible via the use of ICT to facilitate the establishment of virtual business networks amongst tourism operators in a local community, cascading into an informal secondary tourism network within that region. In many Australian regional areas the tourism bureau has been the key node for local tourism, but this structure has been fraught with many problems. Little is known about their effectiveness in delivering services to local small and medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs). The role of tourism bureaus in local tourism networks is changing and a study of this dynamic is provided here as an example of the interaction between top down and bottom up approaches. Published case studies from around the world are considered demonstrating alternative approaches to using ICT to promote a region and communicate with potential visitors. Future empirical research is required to more fully understand the effectiveness of the different approaches

A hermeneutical approach to creative perception as an element in photography

Thesis (M. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2011The purpose of the study is to mitigate the restrictions of ocularcentrism by employing an interactive hermeneutical approach to the creation and interpretation of the implied meanings in a photograph. The principles of hermeneutic phenomenology are applied to outline the putative strengths and weaknesses associated with ocularcentrism as applied to photography and to attempt to illustrate how the proposed model of aesthetic participation may overcome these weaknesses. The literature review shows that ocularcentrism is a mode of perception concerned with a one-sided preference to sight over the other senses and may limit photographers and perceivers to create or interpret meaning in a photograph solely on what they see. Concerning ocularcentrism, it is not the art object alone, but the self-centred worldviews of the photographer and perceiver that limit the basis for the development of an interactive aesthetic experience. The photographer who successfully challenges the ocularcentric worldviews of perceivers in the world of the work succeeds in initiating participation between all the coordinates of the proposed interactive hermeneutical model of aesthetic participation. Interactivity between the coordinates artist, perceiver, artwork and worldviews is achieved through the application of creative strategies during the creation of photographs. These creative strategies may include facets that contradict consistency building, illusion building, defamiliarization, irony, the deliberate stimulation or frustration of a perceiver's interpretation and the use of a known theme placed within an unknown context with a view on challenging the ocularcentric perceptions of perceivers. The application of any combination of these strategies is the decision of the photographer, who applies them according to the imaginary embodiment of the photographer in the position of the perceiver. The photographs produced by the author for analysis in this study presents three images which elicit allegorical, figurative and esoterical forms of interpretation. Each step of the hermeneutic phenomenological process was carefully documented prior to the analysis and are presented in the hermeneutic phenomenological format in conjunction with the proposed interactive model of aesthetic participation. The main point that emerged from this study is that a hermeneutical approach to creative perception as an element in photography will give rise to interactive participation between all the coordinates of the proposed interactive hermeneutical model of aesthetic participation and thus ocularcentric restrictions may be overcome by photographers and perceivers by employing an interactive hermeneutical approach when creating as well as interpreting the implied meanings in a photograph

Ecological aspects of viruses in marine systems

The study of viral ecology in aquatic microbial communities is a relatively young field. The expanse of viral diversity has yet to be fully understood and there are still numerous questions concerning the roles that viruses play in aquatic communities and the constraints placed on these roles by co-occurring biotic and abiotic factors. Understanding how viruses interact with their hosts and how these interactions affect aquatic systems as a whole is vital to comprehending global-scale influences of viruses. In aquatic systems, and particularly in the world\u27s oceans, microbes drive the cycling of important elements such as C, S, N and P; viruses, through a predatory, top-down effect, are major drivers of this process. As a first step toward examining virus-host interactions, the isolation and identification of viral strains is vital as it provides a foundation for further studies.Through the adaptation of Koch\u27s postulates and use of electron microscopy, an Aureococcus anophagefferens-infecting virus was isolated, clarifying confusion from earlier conflicting results. Subsequent analyses focused on the total viral population across large spatial scales, covering 3 major oceanic regimes. Total viral abundance and production rate were measured along with other biotic and abiotic factors such as sizefractionated chlorophyll a, total cell abundance, bacterial biomass production rate, salinity, temperature, etc. These variables were examined individually, pair-wise, and collectively to elucidate any significant trends and relationships among them. Results indicated three distinct trends. First, in the Sargasso Sea, viral parameters were fairly predictable. Second, in the North Atlantic, a threshold effect was reached. And third, in the Western Pacific a changing microbial community structure is likely a major influential factor.Lastly, a search for a new phylogenetic marker for viruses examined the major capsid protein (MCP) gene sequences of viruses from the North Atlantic as a proxy for the diversity of Phycodnaviridae (a major family of eukaryotic algae-infecting viruses). This analysis provides a foundation for future work aimed at teasing apart viral populations so that relative abundances and production rates can be determined and compared with total abundances and rates as well as with other parameters of the ecosystem in question

Replacement of the Cro Repressor in a Negative Feedback Circuit with a Slow Dimerizing Variant

The Cro protein is a transcriptional regulator that plays an active role in the switch between the lysogenic and lytic viral cycles of bacteriophage lambda. Functional Cro proteins exist as dimers composed of two identical Cro subunits. It is suspected that the dimerization rate and the affinity of Cro’s subunits play a part in determining the activity of the protein in living cells. Synthetic genetic circuits have been constructed in order to determine the repression dynamics of Cro in vivo. These circuits are used to observe the ability of wild-type Cro and a pre-dimerized variant named scCro to modulate the expression of a reporter gene as compared to the unrepressed circuit. The unrepressed circuit that is used as a control is named the OPO circuit, and it contains no copy of the cro gene. The goal of this work was to construct an additional simple circuit with another variant cro gene (croF58W) in order to compare its in vivo regulatory dynamics in living cells with the binding dynamics that have been observed in a purified system. Wild-type Cro proteins have a phenylalanine at position fifty-eight, but CroF58W proteins have a tryptophan at this position. In vitro studies done using CroF58W variants have shown that CroF58W proteins are slower to dimerize but are thermodynamically more stable. Steady-state assays conducted in vivo with the CroF58W circuit showed an increased level of (3-galactosidase compared not only to the wild-type Cro and scCro circuits but also to our control OPO circuit

The Post-Pandemic Influence on Social Emotional Learning in the K-12 Music Classroom

The purpose of this research study was to understand the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the post-pandemic state of social emotional learning in music classrooms. This study addresses a vital need for an investigation into the current social emotional needs of students in music classes to then provide information on common practices for music teachers to utilize with their students to best meet these current needs in social emotional learning and communities of practice. The methodology utilized for this study was a qualitative narrative study approach, with focus groups serving as the main form of data collection. Results of the study showed that the influences of the COVID-19 pandemic include anxiety, immaturity, lack of motivation and engagement, and lack of structure. Because of these influences, students are in need of teacher flexibility, personal coping skills, increased maturity levels, greater structure and expectations, and increased motivation and engagement. This study provides the foundation for developing teacher common practices to best meet the current social emotional learning and community of practice needs, as well as future research into these areas

Diffusion of Innovation - the adoption of e-commerce by small to medium enterprises (SME\u27s) - a comparative analysis

This paper explores the issues that influence the diffusion of innovation as it relates to the adoption of e-commerce by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). It seeks to identify factors facilitating and inhibiting such adoption across contexts – regional, small city and large city. This analysis is cross cultural so the impact of differing economic and cultural issues also will be identified in this research. Whilst it is generally accepted that the strategic use of information technology (IT) is vital in the marketplace, the rate of such uptake between small and large businesses varies. This research seeks to identify the reasons for this variation. It is critical to understand such factors so that steps can be taken to redress inequity of uptake that might be identified. The paper endeavours to explore factors that are needed to facilitate and encourage IT adoption and so positively influence user acceptance and use of IT innovations in SMEs. Reasons for such uptake as well as strategic approach to the adoption of e-commerce, and variations regarding same also will be considered. The paper examines existing theory as it pertains to the diffusion of innovation acknowledging the perspective of regional and urban SMEs in various cultural contexts. Empirical investigation exploring this diffusion, the rate of and approach to the uptake by SMEs is planned using a case study methodolog

CydDC-mediated reductant export in Escherichia coli controls the transcriptional wiring of energy metabolism and combats nitrosative stress

The glutathione/cysteine exporter CydDC maintains redox balance in Escherichia coli. A cydD mutant strain was used to probe the influence of CydDC upon reduced thiol export, gene expression, metabolic perturbations, intracellular pH homeostasis, and tolerance to nitric oxide (NO). Loss of CydDC was found to decrease extracytoplasmic thiol levels, whereas overexpression diminished the cytoplasmic thiol content. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a dramatic up-regulation of protein chaperones, protein degradation (via phenylpropionate/phenylacetate catabolism), ?-oxidation of fatty acids, and genes involved in nitrate/nitrite reduction. 1H NMR metabolomics revealed elevated methionine and betaine and diminished acetate and NAD+ in cydD cells, which was consistent with the transcriptomics-based metabolic model. The growth rate and ?pH, however, were unaffected, although the cydD strain did exhibit sensitivity to the NO-releasing compound NOC-12. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the loss of CydDC-mediated reductant export promotes protein misfolding, adaptations to energy metabolism, and sensitivity to NO. The addition of both glutathione and cysteine to the medium was found to complement the loss of bd -type cytochrome synthesis in a cydD strain (a key component of the pleiotropic cydDC phenotype), providing the first direct evidence that CydDC substrates are able to restore the correct assembly of this respiratory oxidase. These data provide an insight into the metabolic flexibility of E. coli , highlight the importance of bacterial redox homeostasis during nitrosative stress, and report for the first time the ability of periplasmic low molecular weight thiols to restore haem incorporation into a cytochrome complex

Hotel guest e-questionnaires: implications for feedback and relationships

This paper examines the reliability and efficacy of hotel guest e-mail questionnaire compared to the paper questionnaire in the Asian Pacific context. Conducted in Perth, Singapore and Penang, cities with mature hospitality and tourism industries and a representation of chain and independent deluxe hotels, this exploratory qualitative study examines hotelier views of e-mail guest communication derived from content analysis of guest questionnaires format and content and in-depth interviews with senior hoteliers. The findings indicated that e-questionnaires manifested as e-mails, as a direct replacement of the paper questionnaire, appear to be premature given divergent hotelier views and shortcomings in email response administration. If properly executed, e-mail can play an increasingly important adjunct role to the paper guest questionnaire as a part of a multi-channel approach. The balance/relationship between ‘high tech’ and ‘high touch’ needs to be maintained: the latter can enhance the latter but should not undermine it

Validity of a two-item physical activity questionnaire for assessing attainment of physical activity guidelines in youth

Background: As physical activity is important for health and well-being, it is essential to monitor population prevalence of physical activity. Surveillance is dependent on the use of valid and reliable measurement tools. The PACE+ questionnaire is used globally in youth and has acceptable reliability; however it has not been validated in a European sample. The purpose of this study is to validate this instrument in a sample of 10-18 year old Irish youth. Methods: Participants (n=419, 45.7 % male) completed the PACE+ two-item questionnaire and were asked to wear an Actigraph accelerometer for eight consecutive days. Freedson cut-points were used to estimate moderate to vigorous physical activity from accelerometer counts. Analyses compared self-report and accelerometry data in participants with (1) ≥5 and (2) seven valid accelerometer days. Calculations were performed for the whole sample, and were stratified by sex and school level (primary; post-primary). Results: Spearman correlations between self-reported physical activity levels and accelerometry derived minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day were small (r=0.27; seven valid days) to moderate (r=0.34; ≥5 valid days). Higher correlations were found in older participants (post-primary r=0.39; primary r=0.24) and females (r=0.39; males r=0.27) using ≥5 valid days. The agreement level was high (68-96 %). The accuracy of classifying those not meeting the guidelines (specificity) was moderate to high (59-100 %). Conclusions: The PACE+ self-report instrument has acceptable validity for assessing non-achievement of the adolescent physical activity recommendations. The validity is higher in females and increases with age. The continued use of the tool is recommended and will allow for comparability between studies, tracking of physical activity over time including trends in youth population prevalence